Halaman

Kamis, 16 Februari 2012

Preposition In, On, At


A preposition is a word or groups of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method. A preposition can have many usage.


Here are some preposition and some of their usages :
  • Preposition In: use 'in' with periods of times and places
Examples:
- Month : in March
- Season : in Winter
- Country : in Indonesia
- City or town names : in Palangkaraya
- Times of the day : in the morning
  • Preposition On: use 'on' with specific days.
Examples:
On Saturday, on New Year's Day, on March 20, on the weekend, etc.

  • Preposition At: use 'at' with specific time and place
Examples:
At school, at 7 O'clock, at night.

Vocabulary Around The House


Vocabulary around the house is an situation when we use english for everday in our hole life and we spelled the grammar well. Begin in our daily life at home e.g. with our parents, friends, brothers, sisters, grandpa, grandma, or maybe with your teachers? Then, your neighbor, your lab partner, etc. I don't know how to explain it well, but i would share to you about something I know or just give you an idea for the basically English. Make your head stay cool. 


Things you may find around the house :
* Light bulb(s)
* Plug(s)
* Socket(s)
* Torch(es)
* Ceiling light(s)
* Lamp(s)
* Curtain(s)
* Shelf (shelves)
* Telephone(s)
* Box(es)
* Plug(s)
* Battery (batteries)
* Photo(graph)(s)

Asking If Someone Remember or Not



There are many expression

Formal Expression:
  • I wonder if you remember.....
  • You remember...., don’t you?
  • You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
  • Don’t you remember.....?
  • you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond:
  • Let me think, yes, I remember.
  • I remember especially the scenery.
  • I’ll never forget that
  • I’ll always remember.
  • I can remember it clearly.
Informal expressions:
  • Remember the old house we used to live in?
  • Remember that?
  • I’m sorry I don’t remember
Ways to respond:
  • Hold on. Yes, got it!
  • I know.....
  • It’s coming back to me now.
Respond if you forget:
  • Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
  • I’m affraid I forget.
  • I really can’t remember.
  • I’m afraid I have no memory of him
  • Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Offering



The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:
Ratna : Would you like a juice, Brenda?
Brenda : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this juice tastes good
Ratna : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Expression of offering:
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of tea, Carol?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Veronika?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
.* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

Simple Future Tense


Definition
Simple Future Tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

The Formula:
1. Will

(+) S + shall/will + Verb I
(-) S + shall/will + not + Verb I
(?) Shall/will + S + Verb I?


2. Going to

(+) S + be + going to + Verb I
(-) S + be + not + goimg to + Verb I
(?) be + S + going to + Verb I?


How do we use the Simple Future Tense?

  • No Plan: we use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.

Example:

  1. Hold on. I'll get a pen.
  2. We willTebalsee what we can do to help you.
  3. Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight
  4. I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
  5. I think I will have a holiday next year.
  6. I don't think I'll buy that car.
  • Prediction: we often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen.

Example:
  1. It will rain tomorrow.
  2. People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
  3. Who do you think will get the job?
Note:
That when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.

Time signal:

1. Tomorrow…
  • Morning
  • Afternoon
  • Evening
  • Night
2. Next…
  • Time
  • Week
  • Month
  • Year
  • January
3. Tonight
4. The day after tomorrow
5. Soon
6. Later
7. Two, three more days
8. Two, three days later
9. By and by

Asking For Information



The use of WH-Questions
What
When
Where
Why
Who


How Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name? 
When was ……. She born? 
Where are ………. The books? 
Why were …………. They here? 
Who are ……….. Those people? 
How is ……. Qinta? 



Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….


Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel 
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it? 
Do you know the plot? 
Could you find out the solution? 
Could I ask about the conflict? 
Do you happen to know the reader?


Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the book 
It could be … somewhere in the library 
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf 
I think it’s … not there anymore 
It looks like … someone has taken the book 
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student

Modals In The Past Form



When do we use modals?
  1. To talk about someone's ability (or inability) to do something
    Example: "We can find your house without the street plan."
    "She can't have a daughter that old!"
  2. To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible, or not necessary)
    Example: "You must always have your driver's licence when you are driving your car."
    "You needn't carry your passport around with you."
  3. To talk about a situation that is possible (or impossible)
Example:"Do be careful with that glass, the baby might knock it over"

Modals in the Past Form

can't have
certainty
e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)

could
permission
e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.

general ability
e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have
possibility, but did not happen
e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.

uncertainty
e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

couldn't
permission
e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.

general ability
e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.

ability in a particular situation
e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't havepossibility/ability
e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.

uncertainty
e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?

with comparative adjectives
e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.

unwillingness
e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

didn’t need to
unnecessary action not done
e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).

had to
obligation (past form of must)
e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.

may have
uncertainty
e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

may not have
uncertainty
e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

might have
possibility (didn't happen)
e.g. You might have been killed!

uncertainty
e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

annoyance at someone's failure to do something
e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!

might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical)
e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have
uncertainty
e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

must have
certainty
e.g. He must have known how much it was going to cost. (I'm sure he knew.)

with surely in exclamations
e.g. Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!

needn't have
unnecessary action that was actually done
e.g. Oh, you needn't have done the washing up!

ought not to have
criticism (more common isshouldn't have)
e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.

ought to have
expectation (should have is more common)
Why is she late? She ought to have arrived by now!

should have
expectation
Why is she late? She should have arrived by now!

should have + verbs of thinking
e.g. I should have thought you knew.

with be and adjectives, describing chance
e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.

criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do)
e.g. The party was such fun last night! You should have come!

shouldn't have
criticism
e.g. You shouldn't have been so frank with him.

polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour
"Here's a bottle of wine for you"
"Oh, you really shouldn't have!"

would have
events in the past that did not happen
e.g. I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.

assumptions
e.g. Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.

would notunwillingness
e.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.




PRESENT FORM

PAST FORM

can

could

may

might

will

would

shall

should

must

-

ought to

-

need

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