Finite and non Finite Verbs

Definition

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as completesentences.

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

Some Types Tense:

• Finite verb forms include: I go, she goes, he went
• Non-finite verb forms include: to go, going, gone

Identify the finite verbs in a sentence: 

1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or a -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past:cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated.
2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates.
3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.
5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

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Noun Phrase

Definition

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. It cannot begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.

Example:

• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The woman who lives there is my aunt.
• Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
• I consider Meong my favorite cat.
• Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
• To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
• Two of my guests have arrived.
• Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
• My friend works with her father.
• Alex is a smart tall white boy.
• It's a beautiful red car.
• Mr. Aldy has just bought an expensive large house.

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Dirrect and Indirrect Speech

Definition
Dirrect speech refer to reproducing another person's exact words or saying exactly what someone has said.

Indirrect speech refer to reproducing the idea of another person words that doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

Here a the backshift of tenses:FROM TO
Simple Present Simple Past
Simple Past
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Will Would
am/is/are was/were
Was/were
has been Had been
had been

Time Signal: 
Dirrect Speech Indirrect Speech
Now Then
Today That day/that night
Yesterday The day before/The previous day 
Tomorrow The next day/following day
Last week The previous week
Next week The following week
A year A year before

There are three kinds of dirrect and indirrect speech:

1. Statement

• Dirrect speech (Present Tense): The students go to the library once a day
• Indirrect speech (Past Tense): The students went to the library once day
• Dirrect speech (Present Countinous Tense): The students are reading books now
• Indirrect speech (Past Countinous Tense): The students were reading books then
• Dirrect speech (Past Tense): The students borrowed books last week
• Indirrect speech (Past Perfect Tense): The students had borrowed books the previous week
• Dirrect speech (Present Perfect Tense): The students have returned the books
• Indirrect speech (Past Perfect Tense): The students had returned the books
• Dirrect speech (Future Tense): The students will borrow novels tomorrow
• Indirrrect speech (Future Tense): The students would borrow novels the following day
• Dirrect speech: The girls say, "We like reading een magazines."
• Indirrect speech: The girls say that they like reading teen magazines.
• Dirrect speech: Woody says,"I am on my way home."
• Indirrect speech: Woody says that he is on his way home.
• Dirrect speech: Riana says, " I can do this myself."
• Indirrect speech: Riana says that she can do that herself.

2. Question

• Dirrect speech: Peter asked me,"Do you play football?"
• Indirrect speech: Peter asked me whether I played football.
• Dirrect speech: Peter asked me,"When do you play football?"
• Indirrect speech: Peter asked me when I play football.

3. Command

• Dirrect speech: Mother said to me, "Turn off the TV and preapare yourself."
• Inddirect speech: Mother told me to turn off the TV an preapare myself.
• Dirrect speech: Nollan said to me, "Don't go anywhere after tou have done our homework."
• Indirrect speech: Nollan told me not to go anywhere after I had done my homework.

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Descriptive Text

Definition
Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place, thing or event.
Sometimes in a spoken text, you may use fillers, such as, er, um,...etc

Stucture of the text:

1. Identification: identifies the phenomenon to be describe
2. Description: describes parts, qualities and the characteristics of the person, place, thing or event to be described.

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Introductory "It"

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Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)


A : To get the best score is hard.
B : It is hard to get the best score. 

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”. 
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand. Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

When the subject is a clause :
It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)

Introductory it as an object :
Do you think it dangerous to drive when the way is slippery?

Introductory it in question
Who was it that broke the window?

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