Definite and Indefinite Pronoun

Definite and Indefinite Pronoun

 

An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:

all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Note that many indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in the following sentences:

He has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)

I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)

Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural. However, some of them can be singular in one context and plural in another. The most common indefinite pronouns are listed below, with examples, as singular, plural or singular/plural.

Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Look at these examples:

Each of the players has a doctor.

I met two girls. One has given me her phone number.

Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:

Many have expressed their views.

pronoun	meaning	example
singular
another	an additional or different person or thing	That ice-cream was good. Can I have another?
anybody/anyone	no matter what person	Can anyone answer this question?
anything	no matter what thing	The doctor needs to know if you have eatenanything in the last two hours.
each	every one of two or more people or things, seen separately	Each has his own thoughts.
either	one or the other of two people or things	Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind.Either is good for me.
enough	as much or as many as needed	Enough is enough.
everybody/everyone	all people	We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everything	all things	They have no house or possessions. They losteverything in the earthquake.
less	a smaller amount	"Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe)
little	a small amount	Little is known about his early life.
much	a large amount	Much has happend since we met.
neither	not one and not the other of two people or things	I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me.
nobody/no-one	no person	I phoned many times butnobody answered.
nothing	no single thing, not anything	If you don't know the answer it's best to saynothing.
one	an unidentified person	Can one smoke here? | All the students arrived but now one is missing.
other	a different person or thing from one already mentioned	One was tall and theother was short.
somebody/someone	an unspecified or unknown person	Clearly somebodymurdered him. It was not suicide.
something	an unspecified or unknown thing	Listen! I just heardsomething! What could it be?
you	an unidentified person (informal)	And you can see why.
plural
both	two people or things, seen together	John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.
few	a small number of people or things	Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.
fewer	a reduced number of people or things	Fewer are smoking these days.
many	a large number of people or things	Many have come already.
others	other people; not us	I'm sure that othershave tried before us.
several	more than two but not many	They all complained andseveral left the meeting.
they	people in general (informal)	They say that vegetables are good for you.
singular or plural
all	the whole quantity of something or of some things or people	All is forgiven. All have arrived.
any	no matter how much or how many	Is any left? Are any coming?
more	a greater quantity of something; a greater number of people or things	There is more over there. More are coming.
most	the majority; nearly all	Most is lost. Most have refused.
none	not any; no person or persons	They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap? I invited five friends butnone have come.*
some	an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of people or things	Here is some. Some have arrived.
such	of the type already mentioned	He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated assuch.

* Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required

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Expressing Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Standard Competency :

Expressing the meaning within the formal and sustained transactional and interpersonal in the context of daily life.

Basic Competency :

Understand transactional discourse and dialogue leading to varieties of interpersonal meaning and / or oral monologue in the forms of analytical exposition and hortatory exposition

 

Definition :

•  Expressing Satisfaction: a feeling of happiness or pleasure because you have achieved something or got what you wanted. (http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/satisfaction)
•  Expressing Dissatisfaction: expressing lack of satisfaction

Expressing Satisfaction : 

• It is with great pleasure that...!
• It gives me great satisfaction..
• I'm very pleased with it
• A most delightful example of..
• What a beautiful story!
• Great, love it.
• I'm content with.
• I'm satisfied with it.
•  I'm completely satisfied with what you've done for me.
• It was satisfactory.
•  Everything was just fine.
• I'm happy enough with it.
• Good enough.
• Good job.
• I’m satisfied with ….
• I am very happy.
• I like it.
• I enjoy it very much.

 

Expressing Dissatisfaction:

• It is disappointing that.!
• It is unacceptable
• This is the limit I won't take any more of...
• Well, this is most unsatisfactory.
• The concert is so boring.
• What an awful meeting
• It's not as good as I thought.
• It isn’t very nice.
• It’s really not good enough.
• I’m dissatisfied by ….
• It’s dissatisfying.
• Oh no.
• I am a little dissatisfied with the service here.
• I am a bit disappointed with the program.
• The food was lousy. 

 

Example :

 

Expressing Satisfaction :

• Nothing satisfied him. He is always complaining.
• I’m satisfied with the exam  result of my students.
• The good news is satisfying.
• The results of yours test are satisfactory.
• Your success will be a great satisfaction to your parents.

 

Expressing Dissatisfaction

• The bad news dissatisfied me.
• The workers were dissatisfied with their salaries.
• The preparation for the basket ball competition is dissatisfying 
• It is really a dissatisfying preparation.

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Public Service Announcements and Posters

Standard Competency  

1. To understand the meaning in transactional and interpersonal conversations formal and continuing in the context of daily life.   
2. To understand the meaning of short functional text and monologue form of reports, narrative and exposition Analitycal in the context of daily life.  
3. Understand short functional text and essay form of report, narrative, and Analitycal exposition in the context of everyday life and to access knowledge. 
4. To express the meaning in text. 

 Basic Competency

1. To respond to the meaning of a conversation transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal (social) and the official continues (sustained) accurately, fluently, and thankful that use different languages ​​spoken in the context of everyday life and involves speech acts, expressing an opinion, ask for opinions, are satisfied, and not satisfied.
2. To respond to meaning in short functional text (eg. : banners, posters, pamphlets, etc.) official and unofficial uses written language diversity accurately. Current and acceptable in the context of everyday life

 Indicators

1. Reading the text loudly accurately, fluently and, truely. 
2. Identifying the main ideas from the text that was read. 
3. Identifying certain information from short functional text.

§  Definition of Public Service Announcements: 

   Public service announcement/advertisement (PSA) is a free commercial for a non profit organization. It is aired volountary by individual radio and/or TV sations. 

§ The Goal Of PSA : 
To get someone to take a specific action, it is not talk about the sponsoring   organization and motivate the targeted audience to act.
  

§ When should you consider using PSA's?

      Here are some guidelines for deciding when you might want to incorporate PSA's into your media campaign. Keep in mind that you don't necessarily have to meet all of these criteria this is just a list of times that PSA's may be a good idea for your group:

•When your group is a nonprofit organization

•When you have a specific announcement to make .

•When you have a clear and easy-to-understand issue

•When you're requesting a very specific action

•When you have good contacts for getting your PSA on the air

•When you have good writing and production skills

•When you've previously used PSA's with success

•When it's going to be part of a larger media campaign 

 

§ Advantages of PSA's :

1.          PSA's are generally inexpensive. 
2.          Most stations will allow you to include a    telephone number for more information in your PSA.  
3.          PSA's tend to be really effective at encouraging the audience to do something. 
4.          PSA's tend to be really effective at encouraging the audience to do something.

 

§   Key points to remember about the writing: 

1. Because you have only got a few seconds to reach your audience (often 30 seconds or less), the language should be simple and vivid. Take your time and make every word count. Make your message crystal clear. 
2. The content of the writing should have the right "hooks" -- words or phrases that grab attention -- to attract your audience (again, you need to know who your audience is). For example, starting your PSA off with something like, "If you are between the ages of 25 and 44, you are more likely to die from AIDS than from any other disease.“ 
3. The PSA should usually (though maybe not 100% of the time) request a specific action, such as calling a specific number to get more information. You ordinarily want listeners to do something   as a result of having heard the PSA. 

 

§ Definition of Posters :

                  A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains.It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated by designs or ilustrations.

§ Some ways to use posters in a literacy program : 

1. To advertise events or product; 
2. To display information or instructions; 
3. To teach about some kinds of information.

§  Key Points to Remember about Designing Effective Posters :

1. Make it easy for your readers. Viewers attention will be in demand,so no matter how interseting your results may be, if they are badly , no one will take the time to read them.
2. The purpose of your posters is to present scientific information. Don’t get carried away with using a lot of colors and fonts, which might distract from the presentation of your research.
3. Your poster is a visual means of information. If you have graphics that will help communicate your research results, you should include them. Additionally, keep the key point save the lengthy explanations for journal article.

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Transitions

Definition:

                Transitions words are certain words, expressions, or other devices that give text or speech greater cohesion by making it more explicit, or signaling, how ideas are meant by the writer or speaker to relate to one another. These are words and phrases that serve as bridges from one idea to the next, one sentence to the next, or one paragraph to the next. They keep the reader from having to find his or her own way and possibly getting lost in the reading.

 

Transitions can be placed:

• At the beginning of a clause and thus create a compound sentence, as in I really thought I would win the family basketball pool; however, I made some poor choices.
• At the beginning of a sentence
  However, it would seem that my son will win all the prizes.
• At the end of the sentence
  Chris could keep all the prizes for himself, of course.

Within the sentence
He told me, however, that he would share his prize with me.

 

Transitions position:

v  Transition word + subject + verb

v  Subject + transition word + verb

v  Subject + verb + transition word

Types of transitions:

·         Illustration  : specifically, such as.

·         Contrast: however, nevertheless, conversely, contrarily.

·         Addition: in addition, beside, moreover, further.

·         Time : after, then, finally, next, last.

·         Space: above, below, beneath.

·         Concession: although, even though, of course, at least.

·         Similarity or comparison: similarly, likewise.

·         Emphasis: above all, indeed, truly, furthermore.

·         Details : in particular, specifically, especially, namely.

·         Examples : for instance, for example, thus.

·         Consequence or result : consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly.

·         Summary : in conclusion, consequently, therefore, finally.

·         Suggestion  : to the end, therefore, for this purpose.

Transitions in text:

Descriptive: above, under, near by, among, further, below.

Narrative : after, afterward, later, finally, one day, once.

Expository: in addition, furthermore, moreover, therefore, however, although, consequently.

Examples:

1. He is sick. Therefore, he can’t come. 

2. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school.

3. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited.

4. Marry can read Spanish. However, she can’t speak it.

In text:

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